Blood values and what they measure
Blood values are measurable substances in your blood. Together they sketch a picture of your energy, recovery and capacity. Look up a value and check its reference range. Each one explains what a high or low result says about your condition.
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Urine Ketones
Ketones are produced when the body breaks down fat for energy instead of glucose. Small amounts can appear during fasting or a low-carbohydrate diet, while higher levels can have a medical cause.
Urine Leukocytes
Leukocytes in urine should not be there in a healthy adult: the expected result is negative. Trace, 1+, 2+ or 3+ means immune cells are active in your urinary tract, not automatically that you have a bladder infection. If you train hard, the catch runs the other way. A negative result is less reassuring than it looks when you are dehydrated or taking a high dose of vitamin C, because both suppress the reaction on the pad. And note: leukocytes in urine are entirely separate from the leukocyte count in your blood. Different test, different sample.
Urine Nitrite
Nitrite is not normally found in urine. Certain bacteria convert nitrate into nitrite, so a positive dipstick result can be a sign of a bacterial urinary tract infection.
Urine Screening
Urine screening helps active individuals monitor hydration status, detect exercise-induced changes in kidney function, and identify potential issues from supplement use. Parameters such as specific gravity and protein levels are particularly relevant for active individuals.
Urine Sediment
Urine sediment analysis helps active individuals understand the impact of intense training on kidney and urinary tract health. Exercise can temporarily alter urine composition, and microscopy can identify crystals from dehydration or supplement use, as well as exercise-induced cellular changes.
Urine Sediment Leukocytes
Sediment leukocytes are white blood cells counted under the microscope in spun-down urine. A few are normal; a higher number can point to inflammation or infection in the urinary tract.
Urine Specific Gravity
Specific gravity reflects how concentrated your urine is, which is closely tied to how well hydrated you are. It typically ranges from about 1.002 to 1.035.
Urine Squamous Epithelial Cells
Squamous epithelial cells line the lower urinary and genital tract. A few in the urine are normal; larger numbers usually mean the sample picked up cells from the skin around the urethra rather than signalling disease.
Urine pH
Urine pH describes how acidic or alkaline your urine is. It naturally varies through the day with diet, hydration and other factors, and usually falls between roughly 4.5 and 8.0.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A measures retinol, a fat-soluble vitamin that may support physical performance through its role in immune function, vision, and tissue repair. For active individuals, maintaining optimal levels could help support training adaptation and recovery.
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is considered essential for converting carbohydrates into energy during exercise. Active individuals may have higher requirements due to increased metabolic demands. A healthcare provider can help assess whether your levels support optimal performance.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is considered important for oxygen transport via red blood cells and energy metabolism during exercise. Active individuals may have increased requirements. Healthcare providers specialising in sports medicine can help assess your optimal levels.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is considered essential for energy metabolism and antioxidant defence during intense physical activity. Active individuals may have increased requirements. A sports medicine professional can help assess your optimal levels.
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
Vitamin B3 (niacin) is considered a key precursor to NAD+, which may support energy production and cellular recovery during physical training. Active individuals may have increased metabolic demands for niacin. Consult a sports medicine professional for guidance.
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 is considered essential for amino acid metabolism during exercise, which may directly support muscle protein synthesis and recovery. Active individuals may have increased requirements. Consult a sports medicine professional for optimal assessment.
Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
Vitamin B7 (biotin) is considered important for macronutrient metabolism during physical performance. It may support efficient energy utilisation from fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. A sports medicine professional can help assess your optimal levels.
Vitamin C
Vitamin C is considered a critical antioxidant for active individuals, potentially supporting immune function during intense training and aiding tissue repair and recovery. Active individuals may have increased vitamin C requirements. Consult a sports medicine professional for guidance.
Vitamin D (25-OH)
Vitamin D is critical for physical performance, supporting muscle function, bone strength, and recovery. Optimal levels may help maintain peak training capacity and reduce injury risk.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that may support exercise recovery by reducing oxidative stress from intense training. Monitoring levels can help optimise your recovery strategy.
Vitamin K1
Vitamin K1 supports bone mineralisation and blood clotting — both essential for active individuals. Adequate levels may help reduce fracture risk and support recovery from training.
Zinc
Zinc is vital for muscle repair, immune defence, and protein synthesis during recovery. Active individuals may have increased zinc needs due to sweat losses and higher turnover.
eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate)
Your eGFR is a calculation, not a measurement. If you train hard, use creatine or eat a lot of meat, that calculation drops. Nothing is wrong with your kidney. This page explains how the CKD-EPI equation works and when cystatin C gives the fairer answer.
hs-CRP (High Sensitivity CRP)
hs-CRP helps active individuals monitor cardiovascular inflammation beyond training stress. Keeping chronic inflammation low supports long-term heart health alongside peak performance.