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Citrate
Urinary citrate is essential for kidney stone prevention in athletes. Intense exercise, dehydration during training, and high-protein supplementation can all reduce citrate levels and increase the risk of stone formation.
What It Measures
This test measures the concentration of citrate in a urine sample. Citrate is a metabolic byproduct that is excreted by the kidneys and serves as a natural inhibitor of kidney stone formation.
Citrate works by binding to calcium in the urine, preventing it from combining with oxalate or phosphate to form stones. Adequate citrate levels are therefore essential for maintaining urinary tract health.
Why It Matters
Citrate is one of the most important natural defences against kidney stone formation. When citrate levels are low, calcium is more likely to crystallise and form stones in the kidneys or urinary tract.
Monitoring urinary citrate is especially valuable for individuals who have a history of kidney stones or who are at increased risk. Identifying low citrate levels early allows for dietary and lifestyle interventions that may help prevent stone formation.
When to Test
Testing may be recommended for individuals who have experienced kidney stones or who have a family history of stone formation. It is also useful as part of a metabolic stone risk assessment.
Recurrent kidney stone formers may benefit from regular citrate monitoring to assess the effectiveness of preventive measures, including dietary changes and supplementation.
Symptoms
Low Levels
Recurrent kidney stones
Often no symptoms until stones develop
High Levels
May indicate high dietary citrate intake
Typically considered a protective factor
Recommendations
Male
Low urinary citrate may increase the risk of kidney stone formation. Consider increasing citrus fruit intake and staying well hydrated.
High urinary citrate is generally protective against kidney stones. No action typically needed.
Female
Low urinary citrate may increase the risk of kidney stone formation. Consider increasing citrus fruit intake and staying well hydrated.
High urinary citrate is generally protective against kidney stones. No action typically needed.
Lifestyle Tips
Increase your intake of citrus fruits such as lemons, limes, and oranges, which are natural sources of citrate. Stay well hydrated by drinking at least two litres of water daily to dilute urine and reduce stone risk.
Limit excessive sodium and animal protein intake, as both can reduce urinary citrate levels. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables supports overall urinary health and may help maintain adequate citrate excretion.